Ecology of Encrasicholina punctifer
 
Main Ref. Jeyaseelan, M.J.P., 1998
Remarks Epipelagic (Refs. 58302, 9773). A schooling species found inshore and in oceanic waters, hundreds of miles from land (Ref. 189, 75154). Sometimes entering large atoll lagoons or deep, clear bays. (Ref. 189). Ranks among the most important food (bait) for tuna and other large pelagic fishes (Ref. 1602). Inhabits shallow coastal waters. Planktivorous (Ref. 9773).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

Marine - Neritic Marine - Oceanic Brackishwater Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies
  • supra-littoral zone
  • littoral zone
  • sublittoral zone
  • epipelagic
  • mesopelagic
  • epipelagic
  • abyssopelagic
  • hadopelagic
  • estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas
  • mangroves
  • marshes/swamps
  • rivers/streams
  • lakes/ponds
  • caves
  • exclusively in caves
Highighted items on the list are where Encrasicholina punctifer may be found.

Habitat

Substrate Pelagic;
Substrate Ref. Al-Abdessalaam, T.Z.S., 1995
Special habitats : lagoons;
Special habitats Ref. Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988

Associations

Ref.
Associations schooling;
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type
Feeding type Ref.
Feeding habit
Feeding habit Ref.
Trophic Level(s)
Estimation method Original sample Unfished population Remark
Troph s.e. Troph s.e.
From diet composition
From individual food items 3.40 0.45 Tentative trophic level derived from 1 + troph of a single food item
Ref.
(e.g. 346)
(e.g. cnidaria)
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