Ecology Summary - Carassius auratus

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Main Ref.	Richardson, M.J., F.G. Whoriskey and L.H. Roy, 1995
Remarks	Inhabit rivers, lakes, ponds and ditches (Ref. 5258, 10294) with stagnant or slow-flowing water (Ref. 30578). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). They live better in cold water. Maximum recorded salinity is 17 ppt (Ref. 39171), but unable to withstand prolonged exposure above 15 ppt (Ref. 39172, 39174). Goldfish prefer warm waters in lakes and slow flowing rivers (Ref. 30486). They usually live over soft, muddy river beds, in areas with soft submerged vegetation (Ref. 30486). Feed on a wide range of food including plants, small crustaceans, insects, and detritus (Ref. 5258, 10294). Feed on plants, insects, and detritus (Ref. 5258, 10411). Reported host of bodonid flagellate Cryptobia sp. (Ref. 26129).

Main Ref.

Richardson, M.J., F.G. Whoriskey and L.H. Roy, 1995

Remarks

Inhabit rivers, lakes, ponds and ditches (Ref. 5258, 10294) with stagnant or slow-flowing water (Ref. 30578). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). They live better in cold water. Maximum recorded salinity is 17 ppt (Ref. 39171), but unable to withstand prolonged exposure above 15 ppt (Ref. 39172, 39174). Goldfish prefer warm waters in lakes and slow flowing rivers (Ref. 30486). They usually live over soft, muddy river beds, in areas with soft submerged vegetation (Ref. 30486). Feed on a wide range of food including plants, small crustaceans, insects, and detritus (Ref. 5258, 10294). Feed on plants, insects, and detritus (Ref. 5258, 10411). Reported host of bodonid flagellate Cryptobia sp. (Ref. 26129).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Carassius auratus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Soft Bottom: mud;
Substrate Ref.	Pollard, D.A., L.C. Llewellyn and R.D.J. Tilzey, 1980
Special habitats	vegetation
Special habitats Ref.	Halwart, M. and M.V. Gupta, 2004

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly plants/detritus (troph. 2-2.19)
Feeding type Ref.	Man, S.H. and I.J. Hodgkiss, 1981
Feeding habit	grazing on aquatic plants
Feeding habit Ref.

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	2.00		2.00	0.00	Troph of adults from 1 study.
From individual food items	2.86	0.31			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Dudgeon, D., 1983

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