Main Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
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Remarks | Migrates northward from Florida along the Atlantic coast of the USA to Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island bet. Late Feb.-Jul., and back in fall. It overwinters in Florida. There are schools migrating westwards in early spring, reaching Texas in late March. North-south movements along the Mexican coast occur between Aug.-Nov. and back in Mar.-Apr. Feeds mainly on small fishes (clupeoids and anchovies), few quantities of penaeoid shrimps and cephalopods. Juveniles have a higher percentage of anchovies in their diet than adults. Piscivore (Ref. 57616). Casting, live-bait fishing, jigging, and drift fishing are also employed in capturing this species. Aerial spotting is sometimes used in locating the fish. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Collette, B.B. and C.E. Nauen, 1983 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.53 | 0.53 | 4.42 | 0.70 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
From individual food items | 4.32 | 0.71 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |