| 主要参考文献 | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |
|---|---|
| 附注 | Forms schools of up to 100 individuals which remain at a fixed position in the water column (Ref. 13780). A euryhaline species inhabiting rocky and sometimes sandy bottoms to depths of 160 m, but more commonly in less than 50 m. The young are sometimes found in seagrass beds. Feeds on crustaceans, worms and mollusks (Ref. 3688). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | FAO EastMed Project, 2013 |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 参考文献 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 |
| 摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 从食物内容 | 3.52 | 0.12 | 3.22 | 0.34 | Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies. |
| 从个别的食物项目 | 3.34 | 0.45 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 参考文献 | Sala, E. and E. Ballesteros, 1997 | ||||