| Main Ref. | Balon, E.K., 1990 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | external |
| Mating type | |
| Spawning frequency | |
| Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
| Batch spawner | Yes. Ref. Berra, T.M., B. Gomelsky, B.A. Thompson and D. Wedd, 2007 |
| Reproductive guild |
bearers external brooders |
| Parental Care | paternal |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Males carry eggs in clusters or balls attached to a hook on the head, known as 'forehead brooding'. This may be an adaptation to environments with low oxygen and high turbidity (Ref. 36739). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |