Main Ref. | Momigliano, O., G.P.J. Denys, H. Jokinen and J. Merilä, 2018 |
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Remarks | This demersal species has been reported to have adults reside in the archipelago and coastal areas throughout their lives undertaking only limited migrations between deeper wintering grounds and shallower spawning and feeding areas. It lives in brackish water of varying salinities at 0.5 to 50 m depth on soft and hard bottoms. Benthivorous - feeding on various mussels and other benthic invertebrates from its postsettled juvenile stage. Spawning occurs in April to June in nearshore areas 5-20 m depth, preferred water temperature of around 8°C. Mature females are reported lay up to 2 million relatively small eggs after fertilization develop on the bottom, above stony, sandy, or vegetated substrates. Little is known about its larval phase, while early development and juvenile habitat use generally resembles the common features of flatfishes. (Ref. 119386). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom; |
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Substrate Ref. | Momigliano, O., G.P.J. Denys, H. Jokinen and J. Merilä, 2018 |
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Special habitats Ref. |
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Parasitism |
Feeding type | |
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Feeding type Ref. | |
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Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.90 | 0.13 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |