| 主要參考文獻 | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Adults common around rocky or coral reefs. Young found in estuaries and occasionally enters rivers. Feeds mainly on fishes and benthic invertebrates, including shrimps, crabs, gastropods and cephalopods. Carnivore (Ref. 33499, 42771, 57616). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | : rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Cleaned by Thalassoma noronhanum observed at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago off northeastern Brazil (Ref. 36301). Also cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 4.41 | 0.27 | 4.32 | 0.76 | Troph of juv./adults from 5 studies. |
| 從個別的食物項目 | 3.92 | 0.58 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 | ||||