| 主要参考文献 | Pauly, D., 1989 |
|---|---|
| 附注 | Occurs in large schools on rocky and coral reefs, often under ledges or close to elkhorn coral (Ref. 9710). Juveniles abundant in near-shore seagrass beds (Ref. 9710). Feeds mainly on small crustaceans (Ref. 3798). Mobile invertebrates feeder (Ref. 57616). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | : rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
| 参考文献 | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | Cleaned by Pederson's cleaner shrimp (Periclimenes pedersoni) as observed on the coral reefs in Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles (Ref. 36810). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| 摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2005 |
| Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 从食物内容 | 3.46 | 0.14 | 3.22 | 0.33 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| 从个别的食物项目 | 3.35 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 参考文献 | Randall, J.E., 1967 | ||||