| ການອ້າງອີງຫຼັກ | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
|---|---|
| ຂໍ້ສັງເກດ | Forms large schools in coastal areas with sandy substrate. Feeds on fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Utilized fresh, smoked, canned and frozen; can be fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Divided into two stocks: West stock and North Sea stock. West stock spawns in a belt from the Biscay to Ireland in early spring, migrates north and eastwards to southern Norway and northern North Sea. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
| Special habitats Ref. | Nguyen, N.T. and V.Q. Nguyen, 2006 |
| ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| ປະເພດການໃຫ້ອາຫານ | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
| ນິໄສການກິນອາຫານ | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Sparholt, H., 1990 |
| Estimation method | ຕົວຢ່າງຕົ້ນສະບັບ | ປະຊາກອນທີ່ບໍ່ແມ່ນປາ | ຂໍ້ສັງເກດ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| ຈາກອົງປະກອບຂອງອາຫານ | 3.71 | 0.03 | 3.57 | 0.52 | Troph of juv./adults from 500 studies. |
| ຈາກລາຍການອາຫານແຕ່ລະອັນ | 4.18 | 0.82 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ | Olaso, I., O. Cendrero and P. Abaunza, 1998 | ||||