Ref. principal | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
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Notas | Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723). Marine populations found near shore and move into freshwater to spawn (Ref. 5723). There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998). During breeding season, the eggs and larvae are consumed as food (Ref. 1998). It is preyed upon by fish-eating birds, kingfishers and mergansers; fishes such as walleye, brook trout, lake trout, yellow perch and burbot. Parasites of the species include 3 protozoans, 3 myxosporidians, 3 monogeneans, 8 trematodes, 5 cestodes, 6 acanthocephalans, 2 molluscs, 1 branchiuran and 2 copepods (Ref. 5951). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrato | Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991 |
Habitats especiais | vegetation |
Special habitats Ref. | Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991 |
Ref. | |
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Associações | |
Associada com | |
Comentários sobre associação | |
Parasitismo |
Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
Da composição da dieta | 3.32 | 0.10 | Troph of juv./adults from 8 studies. | ||
Dos itens alimentares individuais | 3.35 | 0.42 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Walsh, G. and G.J. Fitzgerald, 1984 |