| Main Ref. | Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman, 1981 |
|---|---|
| Anmärkningar | It is preyed upon by cod and bluefish (Pomatosus saltatrix). Parasites of the species include 3 protozoans, 15 trematodes, 5 cestodes, 6 nematodes and 2 acanthocephalans (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
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|
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Benthic predators (Ref. 42354). Tagging experiments show adult seasonal migration for considerable distances. Identified migratory population groups that generally do not inter-mingle based on study of associated parasites. Pelagic eggs and larvae with diurnal vertical movements, ascending near the surface at sunset and descending to 20 m at sunrise; with larger larvae making longer migrations; possibly assists in larval dispersal as surface water circulation transports larvae further (Ref. 86779). |
| Parasitism |
| Typ av föda | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman, 1981 |
| Födosöksstrategi | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman, 1981 |
| Estimation method | Ursprungligt prov | Ofiskad population | Kommentar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Från födosammansättning | 3.28 | 0.14 | 3.20 | 0.35 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. |
| Från individuella födoämnen | 3.03 | 0.14 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman, 1981 | ||||