| 主要參考文獻 | Gibbs, R.H. Jr., 1984 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Feeds on fish and crustaceans (Ref. 4759, 26338). A fish eater off Hawaii and only those fishes <12 cm in body length ate crustaceans, e.g., euphausiids (Ref. 51364). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
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|
| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | shoaling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Migrate vertically. In the Gulf of Mexico, vertical migration pattern is asynchronous, in the mesopelagic zone (450-700 m) during the day; with about 70% of the individuals vertically migrating upward to 200 m at night, the rest remaining at depth (Ref. 86779). |
| Parasitism |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Gibbs, R.H. Jr., 1984 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 4.20 | 0.73 | 4.33 | 0.71 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| 從個別的食物項目 | 4.06 | 0.69 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Williams, A., J.A. Koslow, A. Terauds and K. Haskard, 2001 | ||||